Cadmium vs Yttrium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd
Y
Group Number
12
6
3
15
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440439
99+
7440655
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Johan Gadolin
Discovery
In 1817
In 1794
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
7 * 10-7 %
17
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %
21
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
28
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
11
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.
15
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C
99+
1,523.00 °C
27
Boiling Point
765.00 °C
99+
3,337.00 °C
21
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.00
16
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa
39
589.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s
39
3,300.00 m/s
23
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd
Y
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69
17
1.22
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
0.65
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46
15
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53
13
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.52
27
1.12
38
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31
37
2.78
16
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol
11
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
7th Energy level
Not Available
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48
99+
39
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
48
99+
39
99+
Number of Neutrons
64
99+
50
99+
Number of Electrons
48
99+
39
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
190.00 pm
18
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu
99+
88.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol
39
19.80 cm3/mol
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)
99+
48.00 (-eV)
30
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm
99+
364.74 pm
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89
1
1.57
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3
99+
4.47 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3
28
4.24 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa
16
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
4.27 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa
35
25.60 GPa
30
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa
29
41.20 GPa
30
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa
36
63.50 GPa
32
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.24
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.65
36
4.47
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m
36
596.00 nΩ·m
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
29.60 kJ/mol
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K
32
26.53 J/mol·K
27
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K
16
17.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
393.00 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
17.15 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
418.00 kJ/mol
18
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K
27
44.40 J/mol.K
33
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