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Yttrium vs Cadmium

Yttrium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Cd   
Group Number
3   
15
12   
6
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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