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Cadmium vs Niobium

Cadmium
Niobium
Niobium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Nb   
Group Number
12   
6
5   
13
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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