Home
 Compare Metals

Niobium vs Cadmium

Niobium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Cd  
Group Number
5  
13
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
Periodic Table >>
<< All

Compare Transition Metals

Transition Metals

Transition Metals

» More Transition Metals

Compare Transition Metals

» More Compare Transition Metals
Home | About | Contact | Disclaimer | Terms of use
© A softusvista inc. venture!