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Niobium vs Rutherfordium

Niobium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Rf  
Group Number
5  
13
4  
14
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
-  
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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