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Niobium vs Rutherfordium

Niobium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Rf   
Group Number
5   
13
4   
14
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
53850365   
13
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1964   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
2,100.00 °C   
11
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
5,500.00 °C   
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Rf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
104   
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
104   
14
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
157   
7
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
104   
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
150.00 pm   
33
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
157.00 pm   
31
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
267.00 amu   
11
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
23.20 g/cm3   
8
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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