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Rutherfordium vs Niobium

Rutherfordium
Niobium
Niobium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Nb  
Group Number
4  
14
5  
13
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
104  
14
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
-  
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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