What is Hafnium?

Hafnium

Periodic Table

Symbol

Group Number

4 14

Period Number

6 2

Block

d block

Element Family

Transition Metal

CAS Number

7440586 30

Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Space Group Number

194.00 7

Facts

Interesting Facts

Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.

Sources

By-product Zirconium Refining

History

Who Discovered

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

Discovery

In 1922

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 % 26

Abundance In Sun

0.00 % 26

Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 % 37

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 % 31

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 % 27

Abundance In Humans

0.00 % 14

Uses

Uses & Benefits

It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.

Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry

Medical Uses

Other Uses

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Toxic

Present in Human Body

In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3 40

In Bone

0.00 p.p.m. 41

Physical

Melting Point

2,150.00 °C 10

Boiling Point

5,400.00 °C 5

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Gray

Luster

Metallic

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

5.50 7

Brinell Hardness

1,450.00 MPa 6

Vickers Hardness

1,520.00 MPa 10

Speed of Sound

3,010.00 m/s 39

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

2.00 15

Reflectivity

71.00 % 12

Allotropes

α Allotropes

β Allotropes

γ Allotropes

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

32 7

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.30 33

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.30 25

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.23 26

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.30 33

Allen Electronegativity

1.16 51

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.70 22

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 40

2nd Energy Level

1,440.00 kJ/mol 45

3rd Energy Level

2,250.00 kJ/mol 63

4th Energy Level

3,216.00 kJ/mol 73

5th Energy Level

6,585.00 kJ/mol 33

6th Energy Level

6,585.00 kJ/mol 50

7th Energy level

6,580.00 kJ/mol 43

8th Energy Level

6,580.00 kJ/mol 41

9th Energy Level

6,585.00 kJ/mol 38

10th Energy Level

6,590.00 kJ/mol 40

11th Energy Level

6,585.00 kJ/mol 40

12th Energy Level

6,580.00 kJ/mol 56

13th Energy Level

6,580.00 kJ/mol 35

14th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 83

15th Energy Level

65,800.00 kJ/mol 34

16th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 77

17th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 45

18th Energy Level

6,585.00 kJ/mol 36

19th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 42

20th Energy Level

658.00 kJ/mol 37

21st Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 56

22nd Energy Level

658.00 kJ/mol 31

23rd Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 55

24th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 31

25th Energy Level

658.00 kJ/mol 33

26th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 32

27th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 33

28th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 38

29th Energy Level

658.50 kJ/mol 39

30th Energy Level

658.00 kJ/mol 35

Electrochemical Equivalent

1.66 g/amp-hr 48

Electron Work Function

3.90 eV 36

Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Atomic

Atomic Number

72 44

Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Crystal Lattice

BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100

Atom

Number of Protons

72 43

Number of Neutrons

106 30

Number of Electrons

72 43

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

159.00 pm 30

Covalent Radius

175.00 pm 25

Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm 35

Atomic Weight

178.49 amu 39

Atomic Volume

13.60 cm3/mol 55

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

81.00 (-eV) 16

Lattice Constant

319.64 pm 62

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.58 34

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

13.31 g/cm³ 27

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

12.00 g/cm3 31

Tensile Strength

445.00 MPa 9

Viscosity

0.00 28

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa) 37

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa) 25

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa 27

Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa 15

Young's Modulus

78.00 GPa 27

Poisson Ratio

0.37 7

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

13.31 30

Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m 9

Susceptibility

0.00 13

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor

Resistivity

331.00 nΩ·m 14

Electrical Conductivity

0.03 10⁶/cm Ω 44

Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol 49

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.14 J/(kg K) 38

Molar Heat Capacity

25.73 J/mol·K 45

Thermal Conductivity

23.00 W/m·K 42

Critical Temperature

2,500.00 K 11

Thermal Expansion

5.90 µm/(m·K) 69

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

661.10 kJ/mol 6

Enthalpy of Fusion

25.10 kJ/mol 8

Enthalpy of Atomization

703.00 kJ/mol 5

Standard Molar Entropy

43.60 J/mol.K 46

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