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What is Ruthenium?
Ruthenium


Periodic Table
0
Symbol
Ru 0
Group Number
8 10
Period Number
5 3
Block
d block 0
Element Family
Transition Metal 0
CAS Number
7440188 61
Space Group Name
P63/mmc 0
Space Group Number
194.00 5
Facts
0
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
0
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining 0
History
0
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus 0
Discovery
In 1844 0
Abundance
0
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 % 20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 % 22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 % 26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 % 54
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 % 38
Abundance In Humans
Not Available 0
Uses
0
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
0
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry 0
Medical Uses
Medical Research 0
Other Uses
Alloys 0
Biological Properties
0
Toxicity
Low Toxic 0
Present in Human Body
No 0
In Blood
Not Available 0
In Bone
Not Available 0
Physical
0
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C 8
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C 14
Appearance
0
Physical State
Solid 0
Color
Silvery White 0
Luster
Metallic 0
Hardness
0
Mohs Hardness
6.50 5
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa 3
Vickers Hardness
Not Available 0
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s 4
Optical Properties
0
Refractive Index
Not Available 0
Reflectivity
Not Available 0
Allotropes
No 0
α Allotropes
Not Available 0
β Allotropes
Not Available 0
γ Allotropes
Not Available 0
Chemical
0
Chemical Formula
Ru 0
Isotopes
0
Known Isotopes
26 13
Electronegativity
0
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20 4
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available 0
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42 18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available 0
Allen Electronegativity
1.54 25
Electropositivity
0
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80 49
Ionization Energies
0
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 32
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol 83
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol 37
4th Energy Level
Not Available 0
5th Energy Level
Not Available 0
6th Energy Level
Not Available 0
7th Energy level
Not Available 0
8th Energy Level
Not Available 0
9th Energy Level
Not Available 0
10th Energy Level
Not Available 0
11th Energy Level
Not Available 0
12th Energy Level
Not Available 0
13th Energy Level
Not Available 0
14th Energy Level
Not Available 0
15th Energy Level
Not Available 0
16th Energy Level
Not Available 0
17th Energy Level
Not Available 0
18th Energy Level
Not Available 0
19th Energy Level
Not Available 0
20th Energy Level
Not Available 0
21st Energy Level
Not Available 0
22nd Energy Level
Not Available 0
23rd Energy Level
Not Available 0
24th Energy Level
Not Available 0
25th Energy Level
Not Available 0
26th Energy Level
Not Available 0
27th Energy Level
Not Available 0
28th Energy Level
Not Available 0
29th Energy Level
Not Available 0
30th Energy Level
Not Available 0
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr 51
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV 9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility 0
Atomic
0
Atomic Number
44 68
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1 0
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) 0
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100 0
Atom
0
Number of Protons
44 67
Number of Neutrons
57 50
Number of Electrons
44 67
Radius of an Atom
0
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm 43
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm 38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm 28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu 62
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol 59
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
0
Previous Element
58 0
Next Element
35 0
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV) 22
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm 67
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 0
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58 11
Mechanical
0
Density
0
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3 27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3 16
Tensile Strength
Not Available 0
Viscosity
Not Available 0
Vapor Pressure
0
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available 0
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa) 23
Elasticity properties
0
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa 4
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa 7
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa 3
Poisson Ratio
0.30 14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable 0
Magnetic
0
Magnetic Characteristics
0
Specific Gravity
12.45 19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic 0
Permeability
Not Available 0
Susceptibility
Not Available 0
Electrical Properties
0
Electrical Property
Conductor 0
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m 38
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω 16
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol 10
Thermal
0
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K) 24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K 54
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K 13
Critical Temperature
Not Available 0
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K) 51
Enthalpy
0
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol 10
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol 7
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol 9
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K 54
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