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Hafnium vs Niobium

Hafnium
Niobium
Niobium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Nb   
Group Number
4   
14
5   
13
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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