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Ru Element
Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Group Number
8 10
Period Number
5 3
Block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440188 61
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00 7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 % 21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 % 22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 % 26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 % 54
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 % 38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 % 24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3 37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m. 41
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C 8
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C 14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50 5
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa 3
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa 14
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s 7
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.60 4
Reflectivity
6.00 % 38
Allotropes
No
α Allotropes
-
β Allotropes
-
γ Allotropes
-
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26 13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20 5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20 8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42 19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20 6
Allen Electronegativity
1.54 28
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80 50
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 32
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol 84
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol 38
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol 12
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol 27
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol 42
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol 37
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol 78
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol 62
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol 35
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol 32
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol 50
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol 29
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol 80
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol 25
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol 21
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 41
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol 31
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 38
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol 32
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 50
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol 26
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 51
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 25
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol 26
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 25
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 25
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 30
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol 31
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol 25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr 55
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV 14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic
Atomic Number
44 68
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44 67
Number of Neutrons
57 51
Number of Electrons
44 67
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm 45
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm 40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm 35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu 62
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol 77
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
58
Next Element
35
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV) 22
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm 74
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58 33
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3 29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3 37
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa 38
Viscosity
0.00 25
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa) 37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa) 23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa 4
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa 7
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa 3
Poisson Ratio
0.30 14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45 31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m 17
Susceptibility
0.00 24
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m 38
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω 18
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol 11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K) 24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K 63
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K 13
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K 9
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K) 66
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol 13
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol 7
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol 10
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K 71
Summary >>
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