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Rhenium vs Niobium

Rhenium
Niobium
Niobium vs Rhenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Re  
Nb  
Group Number
7  
11
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440155  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chemical properties of Rhenium are similar to Manganese.
  • Rhenium metal is created while refining Molybdenum.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Masataka Ogawa  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1908  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Alloys of Rhenium are used as an electric contact material. It can resist withstand arc corrosion.
  • Its catalysts are used in hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Its Alloy with nickel is used to produce turbine blades.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
3,180.00 °C  
2
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
5,627.00 °C  
2
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
1,320.00 MPa  
8
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
1,350.00 MPa  
12
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Re  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
20
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,510.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
37
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,560.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
20
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
20
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
76,000.00 kJ/mol  
15
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
760.10 kJ/mol  
36
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,600.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
33
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
27
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
21
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
17
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
23
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
24
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.00 kJ/mol  
18
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.99 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.96 eV  
11
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
75  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
75  
40
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
111  
27
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
75  
40
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
151.00 pm  
36
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
186.21 amu  
36
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.85 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tungsten
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Osmium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
180.00 (-eV)  
3
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
276.10 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
17
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
21.02 g/cm3  
12
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
18.90 g/cm3  
14
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,070.00 MPa  
3
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
40
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
178.00 GPa  
3
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
370.00 GPa  
2
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
463.00 GPa  
2
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
21.02  
14
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
26
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
193.00 nΩ·m  
20
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
38
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
14.50 kJ/mol  
99+
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.48 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
48.00 W/m·K  
31
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
3,459.00 K  
2
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
6.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
707.10 kJ/mol  
4
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
33.05 kJ/mol  
2
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
791.00 kJ/mol  
2
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
36.90 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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