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Rutherfordium vs Hafnium

Rutherfordium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Hf  
Group Number
4  
14
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
106  
30
Number of Electrons
104  
14
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
-  
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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