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Hafnium vs Rutherfordium

Hafnium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Rf  
Group Number
4  
14
4  
14
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
-  
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
157  
8
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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