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Cadmium vs Seaborgium

Cadmium
Seaborgium
Seaborgium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Sg  
Group Number
12  
6
6  
12
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
54038812  
9
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Seaborgium most stable isotope is Sg and it has 2.1 min of half- life.
  • And other isotopes of Seaborgium have half-lives as short as 3 ms.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1974  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Seaborgium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
27
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
-  
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,200.00 m/s  
35
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Sg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
757.40 kJ/mol  
21
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,732.90 kJ/mol  
29
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,483.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,415.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,561.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,715.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,600.00 kJ/mol  
39
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
971.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
573.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
22
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
971.00 kJ/mol  
4
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
870.00 kJ/mol  
7
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
870.00 kJ/mol  
10
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
761.90 kJ/mol  
21
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.20 g/amp-hr  
14
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
-  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
106  
12
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
106  
12
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
106  
12
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
132.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
143.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
230.00 pm  
24
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
269.00 amu  
9
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
35.00 cm3/mol  
8
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Dubnium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Bohrium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
6.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.36  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
12.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
35.00  
6
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.38 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
35.00 J/mol·K  
5
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
0.14 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,200.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
585.00 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.00 kJ/mol  
8
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
42.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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