Niobium vs Zirconium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Zr
Group Number
5
13
4
14
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440677
23
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Discovery
In 1801
In 1789
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-6 %
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,852.00 °C
15
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
4,377.00 °C
11
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
638.00 MPa
19
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
820.00 MPa
15
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
3,800.00 m/s
20
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Zr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.33
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
0.90
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.22
26
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.32
34
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.67
24
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.05 eV
26
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
40
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
40
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
51
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
40
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
91.22 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
14.10 cm3/mol
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
80.00 (-eV)
18
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
323.20 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
6.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.00 (Pa)
21
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
33.00 GPa
20
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
91.10 GPa
17
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
88.00 GPa
22
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
6.51
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
421.00 nΩ·m
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
41.10 kJ/mol
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
22.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
581.60 kJ/mol
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
20.90 kJ/mol
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
598.00 kJ/mol
10
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
39.00 J/mol.K
39
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