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Zirconium vs Niobium

Zirconium
Niobium
Niobium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Nb  
Group Number
4  
14
5  
13
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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