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Zirconium vs Hafnium

Zirconium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Hf  
Group Number
4  
14
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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