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Hafnium vs Yttrium


Yttrium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Hf   
Y   

Group Number
4   
14
3   
15

Period Number
6   
5   

Block
d block   
d block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440655   
25

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  

Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Johan Gadolin   

Discovery
In 1922   
In 1794   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
7 * 10-7 %   
17

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
21

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
22

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
25

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  

Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   

In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26

In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25

Physical Properties

Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,523.00 °C   
27

Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
3,337.00 °C   
21

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gray   
Silvery White   

Luster
Metallic   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
589.00 MPa   
22

Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
3,300.00 m/s   
23

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Hf   
Y   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
19   
20

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.22   
38

Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.65   
29

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29

Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.12   
38

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.78   
16

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10

5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14

6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17

7th Energy level
Not Available   
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18

8th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18

9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19

10th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17

11th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18

12th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5

Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
3.10 eV   
35

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
72   
99+
39   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
72   
99+
39   
99+

Number of Neutrons
106   
29
50   
99+

Number of Electrons
72   
99+
39   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
180.00 pm   
14

Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
190.00 pm   
18

Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28

Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
88.91 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
19.80 cm3/mol   
21

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Strontium
  

Next Element
Tantalum
  
Zirconium
  

Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
48.00 (-eV)   
30

Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
364.74 pm   
31

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
1.57   
16

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
4.47 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
4.24 g/cm3   
99+

Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
32

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
4.27 (Pa)   
10

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
25.60 GPa   
30

Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
41.20 GPa   
30

Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
63.50 GPa   
32

Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.24   
26

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
4.47   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
596.00 nΩ·m   
8

Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
29.60 kJ/mol   
30

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18

Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
26.53 J/mol·K   
27

Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
17.20 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
393.00 kJ/mol   
18

Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
17.15 kJ/mol   
16

Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
418.00 kJ/mol   
18

Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
44.40 J/mol.K   
33

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