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Hafnium vs Scandium

Hafnium
Scandium
Scandium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Sc   
Group Number
4   
14
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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