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Scandium vs Hafnium

Scandium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Hf   
Group Number
3   
15
4   
14
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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