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Scandium vs Hafnium

Scandium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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