Scandium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Hf
Group Number
3
15
4
14
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1879
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
21
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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