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Zirconium vs Ruthenium

Zirconium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Ru  
Group Number
4  
14
8  
10
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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