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Ruthenium vs Technetium

Ruthenium
Technetium
Technetium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Tc  
Group Number
8  
10
7  
11
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440268  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Original name of Technetium was Masurium.
  • At the time of its discovery it found in sample of Molybdenum.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Made by Bombarding Molybdenum with Deuterons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Emilio Segrè and Carlo Perriero  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1937  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Technetium is a radioactive metal and hence it is used for medical studies and other research purposes.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
2,200.00 °C  
9
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
4,877.00 °C  
7
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Shiny Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
550.00 MPa  
27
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
16,200.00 m/s  
1
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Tc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.36  
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.90  
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.51  
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
702.00 kJ/mol  
36
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,850.00 kJ/mol  
34
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
14
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
28
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
35
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
39
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
37
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
33
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
23
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
70,200.00 kJ/mol  
29
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
70,200.00 kJ/mol  
24
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
702.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,020.00 kJ/mol  
35
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
702.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
702.00 kJ/mol  
35
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
702.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
702.00 kJ/mol  
29
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
702.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
702.50 kJ/mol  
28
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
702.00 kJ/mol  
30
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
702.00 kJ/mol  
29
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
702.00 kJ/mol  
30
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
702.00 kJ/mol  
35
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
702.00 kJ/mol  
36
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
702.00 kJ/mol  
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.52 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
43  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d5 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Technetium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
43  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
55  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
43  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
136.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
147.00 pm  
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
98.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.50 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Molybdenum
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Ruthenium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
180.00 (-eV)  
3
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
273.50 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.60  
21
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
11.00 g/cm3  
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
11.00 g/cm3  
34
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
100.00 GPa  
16
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.38  
6
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
11.50  
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
200.00 nΩ·m  
18
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.07 106/cm Ω  
35
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
53.00 kJ/mol  
23
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.21 J/(kg K)  
30
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.27 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
50.60 W/m·K  
30
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,150.00 K  
16
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
660.00 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
23.01 kJ/mol  
9
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
649.00 kJ/mol  
9
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
181.10 J/mol.K  
2
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