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Ruthenium vs Rutherfordium

Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Rf  
Group Number
8  
10
4  
14
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
-  
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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