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Ruthenium vs Scandium

Ruthenium
Scandium
Scandium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Sc   
Group Number
8   
10
3   
15
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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