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Ruthenium vs Zirconium

Ruthenium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Zr  
Group Number
8  
10
4  
14
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440677  
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1789  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,852.00 °C  
15
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
4,377.00 °C  
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
638.00 MPa  
21
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
820.00 MPa  
22
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,800.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.15  
10
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Zr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.33  
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.90  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.22  
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.33  
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.32  
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.67  
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.05 eV  
34
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
40  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
40  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
51  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
40  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
91.22 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
80.00 (-eV)  
18
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
323.20 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.59  
25
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
12
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
33.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
91.10 GPa  
18
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
88.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
6.51  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,128.00 K  
17
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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