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Niobium vs Scandium

Niobium
Scandium
Scandium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Sc  
Group Number
5  
13
3  
15
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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