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Niobium vs Scandium

Niobium
Scandium
Scandium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Sc   
Group Number
5   
13
3   
15
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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