Zirconium Niobium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Nb
Group Number
4
14
5
13
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1789
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
40
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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