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Cadmium vs Ruthenium

Cadmium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Ru   
Group Number
12   
6
8   
10
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
Not Available   
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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