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Ruthenium vs Cadmium

Ruthenium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Cd  
Group Number
8  
10
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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