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Ruthenium vs Cadmium

Ruthenium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Cd   
Group Number
8   
10
12   
6
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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