Ruthenium vs Osmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Os
Group Number
8
10
8
10
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7440042
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
- But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Smithson Tennant
Discovery
In 1844
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
3 * 10-7 %
21
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
- It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
3,045.00 °C
3
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
5,027.00 °C
6
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
7.00
3
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
3,490.00 MPa
1
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
4,940.00 m/s
11
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Os
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.52
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
1.65
19
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
840.00 kJ/mol
12
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
1,309.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
1,600.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
1.77 g/amp-hr
38
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
4.83 eV
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
76
40
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
76
39
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
114
25
Number of Electrons
44
99+
76
39
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
133.80 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
Not Available
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
190.23 amu
35
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
8.49 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
91.40 (-eV)
12
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
273.44 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
1.58
14
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
22.59 g/cm3
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
20.00 g/cm3
1
Tensile Strength
Not Available
1,000.00 MPa
4
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
28
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
222.00 GPa
1
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
462.00 GPa
1
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.25
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
22.57
2
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
81.20 nΩ·m
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.11 106/cm Ω
18
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
106.10 kJ/mol
9
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
24.70 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
87.60 W/m·K
19
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
5.10 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
627.60 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
29.30 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
669.00 kJ/mol
6
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
32.60 J/mol.K
99+
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