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Osmium vs Ruthenium

Osmium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Ru  
Group Number
8  
10
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
76  
39
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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