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Osmium vs Niobium

Osmium
Niobium
Niobium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Nb  
Group Number
8  
10
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
76  
39
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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