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Osmium vs Hafnium

Osmium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os   
Hf   
Group Number
8   
10
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440042   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-7 %   
21
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C   
3
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C   
6
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00   
3
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa   
1
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Os   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52   
12
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol   
12
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr   
38
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV   
8
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
76   
40
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76   
39
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
114   
25
106   
29
Number of Electrons
76   
39
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm   
99+
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu   
35
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol   
99+
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)   
12
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
14
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3   
9
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3   
1
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa   
4
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa   
1
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa   
1
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57   
2
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m   
35
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
18
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol   
9
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K   
99+
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K   
19
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol   
7
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol   
4
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol   
6
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K   
99+
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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