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Cadmium Chromium Comparison

Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium Cadmium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Cr   
Group Number
12   
6
6   
12
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1817   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
NA   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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