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Copper vs Nickel

Copper
Nickel
Nickel vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Ni  
Group Number
11  
7
10  
8
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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