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Copper vs Nickel

Copper
Nickel
Nickel vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Ni  
Group Number
11  
7
10  
8
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %  
12
6 * 10-3 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %  
12
~0.008 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.70 p.p.m.  
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
4.00  
10
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
38
667.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
28
638.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
19
4,900.00 m/s  
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
3
72.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
11
1.91  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
9
1.94  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
3
1.75  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
14
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
9
1.88  
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
25
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
15
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
10
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
11
5.15 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
40
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
35
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
27
7.81 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
345.00 MPa  
11
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
17
200.00 GPa  
11
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
34
8.90  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m  
5
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6  
4
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.14 106/cm Ω  
13
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
112.00 kJ/mol  
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
31
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
25
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
33
371.80 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
29
422.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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