Copper vs Nickel
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Ni
Group Number
11
7
10
8
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
31
99+
Number of Electrons
29
99+
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
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