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Copper vs Nickel

Copper
Nickel
Nickel vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu   
Ni   
Group Number
11   
7
10   
8
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440508   
37
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %   
12
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %   
12
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
13
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
17
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
9
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C   
40
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C   
99+
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Copper   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa   
38
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa   
28
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %   
3
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90   
11
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49   
14
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
9
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10   
99+
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV   
11
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
29   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm   
35
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3   
27
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)   
8
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa   
15
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa   
12
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa   
17
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89   
34
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K   
2
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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