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Nickel vs Copper

Nickel
Copper
Copper vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni   
Cu   
Group Number
10   
8
11   
7
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440020   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1751   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %   
4
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %   
3
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %   
3
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
15
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
13
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C   
31
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C   
38
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa   
18
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa   
16
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s   
12
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
72.00 %   
9
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91   
10
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94   
10
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.88   
6
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09   
99+
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV   
2
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
31   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
28   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3   
29
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
31
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa   
12
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa   
11
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90   
33
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
2
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
600.00   
2
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K   
18
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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