Copper vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Co
Group Number
11
7
9
9
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440484
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.70
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
29
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Not Available
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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