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Cobalt vs Copper

Cobalt
Copper
Copper vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Cu  
Group Number
9  
9
11  
7
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Unknown  
Discovery
In 1732  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
6 * 10-6 %  
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.00007 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
27
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
34
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
26
235.00 MPa  
38
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
11
343.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
14
3,810.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
11
90.00 %  
3
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
12
1.90  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.98  
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
5
1.75  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.49  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
10
1.85  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
31
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
12
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
12
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
11
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
5
4.65 eV  
11
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
34
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
30
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
27
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
9
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
18
120.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
8.89  
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m  
5
Susceptibility
Not Available  
-9.63 * 10-6  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
37
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
283.70 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
338.90 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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