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Cobalt vs Cadmium

Cobalt
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co   
Cd   
Group Number
9   
9
12   
6
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440484   
38
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1732   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %   
10
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
17
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C   
29
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C   
34
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa   
26
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s   
14
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88   
12
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56   
1
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70   
5
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.84   
10
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV   
5
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
26   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
22   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm   
34
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)   
10
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa   
9
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa   
18
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.32   
12
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00   
1
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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