Cobalt vs Cadmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Co
Cd
Group Number
9
9
12
6
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440484
38
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1732
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %
10
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
27
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
29
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
34
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa
26
203.00 MPa
39
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
14
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88
12
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56
1
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70
5
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.84
10
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12
99+
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
19
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV
5
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
22
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
26
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
22
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm
34
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
10
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm
99+
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
99+
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
99+
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa
9
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)
14
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa
18
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.32
12
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.00
1
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
12
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
37
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
99+
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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