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Cobalt vs Vanadium

Cobalt
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
V  
Group Number
9  
9
5  
13
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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