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Vanadium vs Cobalt

Vanadium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Co  
Group Number
5  
13
9  
9
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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