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Vanadium vs Cobalt

Vanadium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V   
Co   
Group Number
5   
13
9   
9
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22   
17
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
23   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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