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Vanadium vs Scandium

Vanadium
Scandium
Scandium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Sc  
Group Number
5  
13
3  
15
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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