Vanadium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
V
Sc
Group Number
5
13
3
15
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440622
27
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1801
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %
10
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %
13
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
14
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
31
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
13
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
20
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.70
4
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa
20
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa
17
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
17
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
61.00 %
14
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
22
17
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63
20
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39
17
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.53
26
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37
34
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
23
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
23
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm
33
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
6
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)
16
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa
16
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa
15
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.96
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
19
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
20
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
39
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
14
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
14
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
13
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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