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Vanadium vs Scandium

Vanadium
Scandium
Scandium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V   
Sc   
Group Number
5   
13
3   
15
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22   
17
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
23   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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