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Scandium vs Vanadium

Scandium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
V  
Group Number
3  
15
5  
13
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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