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Vanadium vs Niobium

Vanadium
Niobium
Niobium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Nb  
Group Number
5  
13
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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