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Cadmium vs Cobalt

Cadmium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Co   
Group Number
12   
6
9   
9
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.70   
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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