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Nickel Copper Comparison

Nickel
Copper
Copper Nickel comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Cu  
Group Number
10  
8
11  
7
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
-  
Discovery
In 1751  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Copper  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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