1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.7 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
1.9 CAS Number
74407137440473
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
2.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1950
In Between 1797 - 1798
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NA1.5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.8 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.10 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
900.00 °C1,857.00 °C
27
3410
7.2 Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C2,672.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.7.2 Brinell Hardness
7.7.4 Vickers Hardness
7.8 Speed of Sound
7.10 Optical Properties
7.10.1 Refractive Index
7.11.2 Reflectivity
7.12 Allotropes
7.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.4.7 Allen Electronegativity
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.6 Ionization Energies
9.6.1 1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.7.2 3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.8.2 4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.8.4 5th Energy Level
NA97,510.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.8.5 6th Energy Level
NA105,800.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.8.7 7th Energy level
NA114,300.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.8.9 8th Energy Level
NA125,300.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.8.11 9th Energy Level
NA134,700.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.8.12 10th Energy Level
NA144,300.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.8.14 11th Energy Level
NA26,130.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.8.16 12th Energy Level
NA28,750.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.8.18 13th Energy Level
NA34,230.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.8.20 14th Energy Level
NA37,066.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.8.22 15th Energy Level
NA97,510.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.8.24 16th Energy Level
NA105,800.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.8.26 17th Energy Level
NA114,300.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.8.27 18th Energy Level
NA125,300.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.8.29 19th Energy Level
NA134,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.8.31 20th Energy Level
NA144,300.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.8.33 21st Energy Level
NA157,700.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.8.34 22nd Energy Level
NA166,090.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.8.36 23rd Energy Level
9.8.38 24th Energy Level
9.8.40 25th Energy Level
9.8.42 26th Energy Level
9.8.43 27th Energy Level
9.8.46 28th Energy Level
9.8.48 29th Energy Level
9.8.50 30th Energy Level
9.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.10 Electron Work Function
9.11 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.3.2 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.5.1 Number of Neutrons
10.6.1 Number of Electrons
11.2 Radius of an Atom
11.2.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
11.2.2 Covalent Radius
11.5.2 Van der Waals Radius
11.6 Atomic Weight
251.00 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
11.7 Atomic Volume
NA7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.11 Lattice Constant
338.00 pm291.00 pm
228.58
891.25
11.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.5 Tensile Strength
12.7 Viscosity
12.8 Vapor Pressure
12.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA774.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.2 Elasticity properties
13.2.1 Shear Modulus
13.2.3 Bulk Modulus
13.3.1 Young's Modulus
13.5 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
14.2.3 Permeability
14.2.5 Susceptibility
14.3 Electrical Properties
14.3.1 Electrical Property
14.3.2 Resistivity
14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.1.5 Electron Affinity
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA23.35 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.2 Thermal Conductivity
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.6 Thermal Expansion
17.9 Enthalpy
17.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.10.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.10.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
17.11 Standard Molar Entropy
NA23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1