Californium

Chromium

Californium Chromium Comparison

Californium

Chromium

Add ⊕

1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA6

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

f block

d block

1.7 Element Family

Actinide

Transition Metal

1.9 CAS Number

74407137440473

7429905 54386242

1.11 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Im_ 3m

1.12 Space Group Number

194.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.

Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.

Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1950

In Between 1797 - 1798

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA1.5 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.002 %

1E-08 0.1

3.4.4 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.30 %

1.7E-07 22

3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.8 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.4.10 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Highly Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

5.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.

0 170000

6 Physical

6.1 Melting Point

900.00 °C1,857.00 °C

27 3410

7.2 Boiling Point

1,470.00 °C2,672.00 °C

147 5660

7.4 Appearance

7.4.1 Physical State

Solid

7.4.2 Color

Silver

7.4.3 Luster

Metallic

7.5 Hardness

7.5.1 Mohs Hardness

3.008.50

0.2 8.5

7.7.2 Brinell Hardness

NA687.00 MPa

0.14 3490

7.7.4 Vickers Hardness

NA1,060.00 MPa

121 3430

7.8 Speed of Sound

NA5,940.00 m/s

818 16200

7.10 Optical Properties

7.10.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

7.11.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

7.12 Allotropes

✔ ✘

7.12.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

8 Chemical

8.1 Chemical Formula

8.2 Isotopes

8.2.1 Known Isotopes

2021

0 38

9.3 Electronegativity

9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.66

0.7 2.54

9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.66

0.22 2.56

9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.56

0.86 1.82

9.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

9.4.7 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.65

0.659 2.7

9.5 Electropositivity

9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.34

1.46 3.3

9.6 Ionization Energies

9.6.1 1st Energy Level

608.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.6.2 2nd Energy Level

1,206.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.7.2 3rd Energy Level

2,267.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

9.8.2 4th Energy Level

3,599.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

9.8.4 5th Energy Level

NA97,510.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

9.8.5 6th Energy Level

NA105,800.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

9.8.7 7th Energy level

NA114,300.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

9.8.9 8th Energy Level

NA125,300.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

9.8.11 9th Energy Level

NA134,700.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

9.8.12 10th Energy Level

NA144,300.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

9.8.14 11th Energy Level

NA26,130.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

9.8.16 12th Energy Level

NA28,750.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

9.8.18 13th Energy Level

NA34,230.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

9.8.20 14th Energy Level

NA37,066.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

9.8.22 15th Energy Level

NA97,510.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

9.8.24 16th Energy Level

NA105,800.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

9.8.26 17th Energy Level

NA114,300.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

9.8.27 18th Energy Level

NA125,300.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

9.8.29 19th Energy Level

NA134,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

9.8.31 20th Energy Level

NA144,300.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

9.8.33 21st Energy Level

NA157,700.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

9.8.34 22nd Energy Level

NA166,090.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

9.8.36 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

9.8.38 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

9.8.40 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

9.8.42 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

9.8.43 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

9.8.46 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

9.8.48 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.8.50 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.9 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.12 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.10 Electron Work Function

NA4.50 eV

2.14 5.65

9.11 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

9824

3 117

10.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹

10.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

10.3.2 Crystal Lattice

10.4 Atom

10.4.1 Number of Protons

9824

3 117

10.5.1 Number of Neutrons

15328

4 184

10.6.1 Number of Electrons

9824

3 117

11.2 Radius of an Atom

11.2.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm128.00 pm

112 265

11.2.2 Covalent Radius

NA139.00 pm

96 260

11.5.2 Van der Waals Radius

NA200.00 pm

139 348

11.6 Atomic Weight

251.00 amu52.00 amu

6.94 294

11.7 Atomic Volume

NA7.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

11.9.1 Previous Element

11.9.2 Next Element

11.10 Valence Electron Potential

44.50 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

11.11 Lattice Constant

338.00 pm291.00 pm

228.58 891.25

11.12 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

11.13 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

12 Mechanical

12.1 Density

12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

15.10 g/cm³7.19 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

12.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA6.30 g/cm3

0.512 20

12.5 Tensile Strength

NA689.00 MPa

2.5 11000

12.7 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

12.8 Vapor Pressure

12.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

12.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA774.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

13.2 Elasticity properties

13.2.1 Shear Modulus

NA115.00 GPa

1.3 222

13.2.3 Bulk Modulus

NA160.00 GPa

1.6 462

13.3.1 Young's Modulus

NA279.00 GPa

1.7 528

13.5 Poisson Ratio

NA0.21

0.032 0.47

13.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

14 Magnetic

14.1 Magnetic Characteristics

14.1.1 Specific Gravity

15.107.19

0.53 4500

14.2.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Antiferromagnetic

14.2.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

14.2.5 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

14.3 Electrical Properties

14.3.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

14.3.2 Resistivity

NA125.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.08 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

15.1.5 Electron Affinity

NA64.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

16 Thermal

16.1 Specific Heat

NA0.45 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

16.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA23.35 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

17.2 Thermal Conductivity

NA93.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

17.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

17.6 Thermal Expansion

NA4.90 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

17.9 Enthalpy

17.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA348.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

17.10.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA15.31 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

17.10.4 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA397.50 kJ/mol

61.5 837

17.11 Standard Molar Entropy

NA23.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

Compare Actinide Series » More

Californium vs Lawrencium

Californium vs Curium

Californium vs Nobelium

» More

More Compare Actinide Series

Actinide Metals » More

» More

More Actinide Metals