1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74407137440484
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
2.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Georg Brandt
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
900.00 °C1,495.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C2,870.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA7,670.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA9,840.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,440.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA15,230.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA17,959.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA26,570.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA29,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA32,400.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA36,600.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA39,700.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA42,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA49,396.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA52,737.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA134,810.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA145,170.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA154,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA167,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA178,100.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA189,300.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm147.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
6.6 Atomic Weight
251.00 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
NA10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
338.00 pm295.08 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA25.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1