Californium Lead Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf
Pb
Group Number
Not Available
14
4
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440713
20
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Unknown
Discovery
In 1950
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C
99+
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
99+
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
38.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98
20
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
98
20
82
34
Number of Neutrons
153
9
125
19
Number of Electrons
98
20
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
Not Available
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu
17
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
Not Available
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)
38
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm
99+
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3
21
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.64 (Pa)
7
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
Not Available
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
15.10
13
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Unknown
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
Not Available
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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